Obesity is on the rise and is fast becoming a major modifiable risk factor responsible for leading non-communicable diseases and deaths. Increasingly, primary care physicians will be exposed to patients with obesity-related diseases. Beyond type 2 diabetes, non -alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) are two other conditions that are common, yet also often overlooked. In this article, we explore the underlying associations of NAFLD and PCOS with insulin resistance, and offer some practical advice on screening and management of both conditions.